To start with, descriptive functions of your own research users from the sex was demonstrated because the proportions through its particular 95% rely on period (CI)

Sociodemographic properties included racial worry about-group (white otherwise low-white elizabeth.grams. black colored, brownish, red, or native), place of residence (metropolitan otherwise outlying), education (0–4, 5–8, 9–eleven, otherwise ? twelve ages), and month-to-month house money for every capita into the tertiles (reasonable, center, or high). New urban–outlying group are according to research by the strategies used by the latest Brazilian Institute of Topography and you can Analytics (from inside the Portuguese, IBGE) inside the 2010 people census away from administrative limits set out of the local laws and regulations. Within per municipality’s boundaries, these types of local legislation expose an imaginary range titled “urban edge”. The fresh census tracts located in “metropolitan perimeter” is termed urban, whereas the remaining elements is actually designated rural. The other suggestions are acquired by way of a facial-to-deal with interviews from the participant’s family.

Anthropometric variables

Height was measured in centimeters (cm) using a portable vertical stadiometer (NutriVida®, Brazil) with the participants barefoot with legs and feet parallel, weight badoo giriЕџ distributed on both feet, arms relaxed at the sides, palms facing the body, and head in the Frankfurt horizontal plane. Weight was measured in kilograms (kg) using a portable digital scale (SECA®, Germany) with participants barefoot. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio between weight in kilograms (kg) and height in square meters (m 2 ). BMI cutoff points were based on the World Health Organization recommendation: underweight (< 18.5> 94 cm in men and > 80 cm in women were considered “increased” since they are associated with a higher risk of metabolic complications . All anthropometric variables were measured twice during the home visit by trained interviewers and the mean of the measurements was used in the analyses. Further information can be seen in the handbook on the survey homepage (

Statistical studies

Additionally, we provided information on the most prevalent chronic diseases diagnosed by a physician in our sample. Secondly, fractional polynomial regression models were fitted to estimate the percentiles (P5, P10, P20, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P95) of HGS by age group and sex. This method provides smooth centile curves and explicit formulae for the percentile estimates. Diagnostic tests were used to evaluate the model fit (normal plot of the Z-scores, Shapiro–Wilk test, and residuals plot). The model was fitted by maximum likelihood, which accounts for non-normal skewness and/or kurtosis in the data . Thirdly, HGS centile curves for men and women were plotted in charts. Finally, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models separate for men and women were created to investigate the sociodemographic and anthropometric variables associated with muscle weakness, being estimated the odds ratio (OR) with 95%CI. Variables with p < 0.20>

Results

Figure 1 describes the flow chart of the participants throughout the study. Our analytical sample was composed of 7905 participants aged 50–101 years (63.1 ± 9.1 years): 3162 men (63.2 ± 8.7 years) and 4743 women (63.1 ± 9.4 years). The excluding participants were similar to including participants regarding sex (p = 0.092), schooling (p = 0.813), and monthly household income per capita (p = 0.189) but tended to be older (? 80 years: 11.8% vs. 6.5%, respectively, p < 0.001).

The advantages of data users because of the sex is visible when you look at the Desk 1. In both sexes, very users was indeed low-light, stayed in the city, got 0–cuatro many years of schooling, and showed improved waist circumference. Concerning the Bmi, over weight is actually the most prevalent class for men (42.9%), whenever you are obese and you will carrying excess fat got nearly similar wavelengths for females (thirty-six.9% and you may thirty-five.4%, respectively). Away from persistent disease, forty-two.1% of participants stated which have a health diagnosis out of arterial blood circulation pressure, 17.4% of diabetic issues mellitus, 11.5% regarding weakening of bones, seven.4% out-of center ailment (angina, myocardial infarction, and you will cardiovascular system incapacity), and you can 5.7% out-of respiratory infection (symptoms of asthma and you may chronic obstructive pulmonary state).